Desirable Strong and Tough Adhesive Inspired by Dragonfly Wings and Plant Cell Walls.

The production of wood-based panels has a significant demand for mechanically strong and flexible biomass adhesives, serving as alternatives to nonrenewable and toxic formaldehyde-based adhesives. Nonetheless, plywood usually exhibits brittle fracture due to the inherent trade-off between rigidity and toughness, and it is susceptible to damage and deformation defects in production applications. Herein, inspired by the microstructure of dragonfly wings and the cross-linking structure of plant cell walls, a soybean meal (SM) adhesive with great strength and toughness was developed. The strategy was combined with a multiple assembly system based on the tannic acid (TA) stripping/modification of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2@TA) hybrids, phenylboronic acid/quaternary ammonium doubly functionalized chitosan (QCP), and SM. Motivated by the microstructure of dragonfly wings, MoS2@TA was tightly bonded with the SM framework through Schiff base and strong hydrogen bonding to dissipate stress energy through crack deflection, bridging, and immobilization. QCP imitated borate chemistry in plant cell walls to optimize interfacial interactions within the adhesive by borate ester bonds, boron-nitrogen coordination bonds, and electrostatic interactions and dissipate energy through sacrificial bonding. The shear strength and fracture toughness of the SM/QCP/MoS2@TA adhesive were 1.58 MPa and 0.87 J, respectively, which were 409.7% and 866.7% higher than those of the pure SM adhesive. In addition, MoS2@TA and QCP gave the adhesive good mildew resistance, durability, weatherability, and fire resistance. This bioinspired design strategy offers a viable and sustainable approach for creating multifunctional strong and tough biobased materials.

A strong and tough supramolecular assembled ß-cyclodextrin and chitin nanocrystals protein adhesive: Synthesis, characterization, bonding performance on three-layer plywood.

The development of a biomass adhesive as a substitute for petroleum-derived adhesives has been considered a viable option. However, achieving both superior bonding strength and toughness in biomass adhesives remains a significant challenge. Inspired by the human skeletal muscles structure, this study reveals a promising supramolecular structure using tannin acid (TA) functionalized poly-ß-cyclodextrin (PCD) (TA@PCD) as elastic tissues and chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs) as green reinforcements to strengthen the soybean meal (SM) adhesive crosslinking network. TA@PCD acts as a dynamic crosslinker that facilitates reversible host-guest interactions, hydrogen bonds, and electrostatic interactions between adjacent stiff ChNCs and SM matrix, resulting in satisfactory strength and toughness. The resulting SM/TA@PCD/ChNCs-2 adhesive has demonstrated satisfactory wet and dry shear strength (1.25 MPa and 2.57 MPa, respectively), toughness (0.69 J), and long-term solvents resistance (80 d). Furthermore, the adhesive can exhibit desirable antimildew characteristics owing to the phenol hydroxyl groups of TA and amino groups of ChNCs. This work showcases an effective supramolecular chemistry strategy for fabricating high-performance biomass adhesives with great potential for practical applications.

Preparation of environmentally friendly, high strength, adhesion and stability hydrogel based on lignocellulose framework.

Hydrogels are extensively utilized in the fields of electronic skin, environmental monitoring, biological dressings due to their excellent flexibility and conductivity. However, traditional hydrogel materials possess drawbacks such as environmental toxicity, low strength, poor stability, and water loss deactivation, which limited its frequent applications. Here, a flexible conductive hydrogel called wood-based DES hydrogel (WDH) with high strength, high adhesion, high stability, and high sensitivity was successfully synthesized by using environmentally friendly lignocellulose as skeleton and deep eutectic solvent as matrix. The strength of WDH prepared from lignocellulose framework is approximately 50 times higher than poly deep eutectic solvent hydrogel, and about 4.5 times higher than that prepared from cellulose skeleton. The WDH exhibits stable adhesion to most common materials and demonstrates exceptional dimensional stability. Its conductivity remains unaffected by water, even after prolonged exposure to air, maintaining a value of 0.0245 S/m. The anisotropy inherent in the system results in three distinct linear sensing intervals for WDH, exhibiting a maximum sensitivity of 5.45. This paper verified the advantages of lignocellulose framework in improving the strength and stability of hydrogels, which provided a new strategy for the development of sensor materials.

High-Strength, High-Swelling-Resistant, High-Sensitivity Hydrogel Sensor Prepared with Wood That Retains Lignin.

Wood-derived hydrogels possess satisfactory longitudinal strength but lack excellent swelling resistance and dry shrinkage resistance when achieving high anisotropy. In this study, we displayed the preparation of highly dimensional stable wood/polyacrylamide hydrogels (wood/PAM-Al3+). The alkali-treated wood retains lignin as the skeleton of the hydrogel. Second, Al ions were added to the metal coordination with lignin. Finally, by employing free radical polymerization, we construct a conductive electronic network using polyaniline within the wood/PAM-Al3+ matrix to create the flexible sensor. This approach leverages lignin's integrated structure within the middle lamella to provide enhanced swelling resistance and stronger binding strength in the transverse direction. Furthermore, coordination between lignin and Al ions improves the mechanical strength of the wood hydrogel. Polyaniline provides stable linear pressure and temperature responses. The wood/PAM-Al3+ exhibits a transverse swelling ratio of 3.90% while achieving a longitudinal tensile strength of 20.5 MPa. This high-strength and high-stability sensor is capable of monitoring macroscale human behavior. Therefore, this study presents a simple yet innovative strategy for constructing tough hydrogels while also establishing an alternative pathway for exploring lignin networks in new functional materials development.

Optimizing Sensorless Control in PMSM Based on the SOGIFO-X Flux Observer Algorithm.

In the realm of sensorless control for a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), the flux observer algorithm is widely recognized. However, the estimation accuracy of rotor position is adversely impacted by the interference from DC bias and high-order harmonics. To address these issues, an advanced flux observation method, second-order generalized integrator flux observer extend (SOGIFO-X), is introduced in this paper. The study begins with a theoretical analysis to establish the relationship between flux observation error and rotor position error. The SOGIFO-X method, developed in this study, is compared with traditional methods such as the Low Pass Filter (LPF) and second-order generalized integrator flux observer (SOGIFO), employing mathematical rigor and Bode plot analysis. The emphasis is on the methodology and the general performance improvements SOGIFO-X offers over conventional methods. Simulations and experiments were conducted to assess the impact of SOGIFO-X on the steady-state and dynamic performances of sensorless control. Findings indicate that SOGIFO-X demonstrates significant enhancements in terms of reducing the reduced flux observation error, contributing to the advancement of position estimation accuracy and sensorless motor control technology.

Creation of Wood-Based Hierarchical Superstructures via In Situ Growth of ZIF-8 for Enhancing Mechanical Strength and Electromagnetic Shielding Performance.

Given the escalating prevalence of electromagnetic pollution, there is an urgent need for the development of high-performance electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials. Herein, wood-based electromagnetic shielding materials have gained significant popularity due to their exceptional performance as building materials. In this study, a novel wood-based composite with electromagnetic shielding properties is developed. Through the in situ growth of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) crystals on wood fibers, coupled with uniform integration of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), a multifunctional composite named ZIF-8/Poplar-CNT composite is synthesized via a one-step thermoforming process. The incorporation of CNTs endows the composites with excellent EMI shielding effectiveness (EMI SE). Among these elements, despite ZIF-8 crystals not possessing intrinsic electromagnetic shielding functionality, their distinctive dodecahedral structure proves adept at scattering and reflecting electromagnetic waves within the composites, further improving the electromagnetic shielding effect. Hence, the ZIF-8/Poplar-CNT composite (56.95 dB) has ≈10 dB higher EMI SE compared to that of the composites without ZIF-8 crystals. Meanwhile, ZIF-8 crystals endow the materials with excellent tensile strength (54.84 MPa, enhanced by 4 times). Moreover, the introduction of Zn2+ provides superior antibacterial properties. The potential applications of ZIF-8/Poplar-CNT composites extend to diverse areas such as building decoration, electronic products, and medical equipment.

Pulp cellulose-based core-sheath structure based on hyperbranched grafting strategy for development of reinforced soybean adhesive.

Formaldehyde adhesive is the primary source of indoor formaldehyde pollution, posing a serious threat to human health. Soybean meal (SM), as an abundant biomacromolecule and co-product of soybean oil industry, emerges as a promising alternative to formaldehyde adhesive. However, the SM adhesive exhibits inferior water resistance and unsatisfactory bonding strength. In this study, a novel core-sheath structure with an inexpensive pulp cellulose core and a hyperbranched polymer sheath is synthesized and introduced into SM to develop a robust bio-based adhesive. Specifically, aldehyde-functionalized pulp cellulose is grafted with hyperbranched polyamide, which is terminated via epoxy groups, to synthesize a core-sheath hybrid (APC@HBPA-EP). The core-sheath APC@HBPA-EP serves as both a crosslinker and an enhancer. The results show that the wet shear strength of the modified SM adhesive exhibits a remarkable 520 % increase to 0.93 MPa, and its dry shear strength reaches 2.10 MPa, meeting the established indoor use standards. The Young's modulus of the modified SM adhesive shows a significant 282 % increase to 19.27 GPa. Additionally, the modified SM adhesive exhibited superior impact toughness (7.48 KJ/m2), which increased by 24 times compared with pure SM adhesive. This study provides a versatile strategy for developing robust protein adhesives, hydrogel patch, and composite coatings.

Programmable and Shape-Color Synchronous Dual-Response Wood with Thermal Stimulus.

Stimuli-responsive materials exhibit huge potential in sensors, actuators, and electronics; however, their further development for reinforcement, visualization, and biomass-incorporation remains challenging. Herein, based on the impregnation of thermochromic microcapsule (TCM)-doped dynamic covalent vitrimers, a programmable shape-color dual-responsive wood (SRW-TC) was demonstrated with robust anisotropic structures and exchangeable covalent adaptable networks. Under mild conditions, the resultant SRW-TC displays feasible shape memorability and programmability, resulting from the rigidity-flexibility shift induced by the glass-transition temperature (34.99 °C) and transesterification reaction triggered by the topology freezing transition temperature (149.62 °C). Furthermore, the obtained SRW-TC possesses satisfactory mechanical performance (tensile strength of 45.70 MPa), thermal insulation (thermal conductivity of 0.27 W/m K), anisotropic light management, and benign optical properties (transmittance of 51.73% and haze of 99.67% at 800 nm). Importantly, the incorporation of compatible TCM enables SRW-TC to visualize shape memory feasibility and rigidity/flexibility switching and respond to the external thermal stimulus through the thermal-induced shape-color synchronous dual-responsiveness, which successfully demonstrates the applications of sensing temperature, grasping objects, encrypting/decoding icon messages, and so on. The proposed facile and highly effective strategy could serve as a guideline for developing high-performance multifunctional wood composite with promising intelligent applications in performance visualization, environmental sensing, materials interactivity, information dual-encryption, local precision shape and color regulation, etc.

Recent advances of pure/independent covalent organic framework membrane materials: preparation, properties and separation applications.

Covalent organic frameworks (COF) are porous crystalline polymers connected by covalent bonds. Due to their inherent high specific surface area, tunable pore size, and good stability, they have attracted extensive attention from researchers. In recent years, COF membrane materials developed rapidly, and a large amount of research work has been presented on the preparation methods, properties, and applications of COF membranes. This review focuses on the research on independent/pure continuous COF membranes. First, based on the membrane formation mechanism, COF membrane preparation methods are categorized into two main groups: bottom-up and top-down. Four methods are presented, namely, solvothermal, interfacial polymerization, steam-assisted conversion, and layer by layer. Then, the aperture, hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity and surface charge properties of COF membranes are summarized and outlined. According to the application directions of gas separation, water treatment, organic solvent nanofiltration, pervaporation and energy, the latest research results of COF membranes are presented. Finally, the challenges and future directions of COF membranes are summarized and an outlook provided. It is hoped that this work will inspire and motivate researchers in related fields.

Multifunctional Solar Evaporator with Adjustable Island Structure Improves Performance and Salt Discharge Capacity of Desalination.

Interfacial solar steam generation (ISSG) is the main method to get fresh water from seawater or wastewater. The balance between evaporation rate and salt resistance is still a major challenge for ISSG. Herein, a wood aerogel island solar evaporator (WAISE) with tunable surface structure and wettability by synthesizing poly(n-isopropylacrylamide)-modified multi-walled carbon nanotube photothermal layers. Compared to dense surface structure evaporators, interfacial moisture transport, thermal localization, and surface water vapor diffusion of WAISE are greatly promoted, and the evaporation rate of WAISE increased by 87.64%. WAISE allows for record performance of 200 h continuous operation in 20% NaCl solution without salt accumulation. In addition, the photo-thermal-electric device is developed based on WAISE with continuous water purification, power generation, and irrigation functions. This work provides a new direction for the development of multifunctional water purification systems.

A tough bio-adhesive inspired by pearl layer and arthropod cuticle structure with desirable water resistance, flame-retardancy, and antibacterial property.

Petroleum-derived formaldehyde resin adhesives are serious hazards to human health and depend on limited resources. Abundant, cheap and renewable biomass materials are expected to replace them. However, the contradictory mechanisms of high mechanical strength and fracture toughness affect the use of bioadhesives. Herein, a biomimetic soybean meal (SM) adhesive inspired by the structure of insect cuticles and shell pearl layer was proposed. Specifically, chitosan (CS@DA) modified 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DA, rich in catechol moiety) was anchored on molybdenum disulfide nanosheets (MoS2) to construct a biomimetic structure with copper hydroxide and SM substrate (SM-MoS2/CS@DA-Cu). Schiff base, ionic, and hydrogen bonding strengthened the cohesion of the adhesive. The ordered alternating stacking "brick-mortar" structure stimulated the lamellar sliding and crack deflection of MoS2, synergistically reinforcing the toughness. Compared to SM adhesive (0.57 MPa and 0.148 J), the wet shear strength and adhesion work of the SM-MoS2/CS@DA-Cu were 1.68 MPa and 0.867 J, with 194.7 % and 485.8 % increases, respectively. The multiple antimicrobial effects of CS@DA, Schiff base, and Cu2+ increased the applicability period of the adhesive to 40 days. The adhesive also displayed favorable water resistance and flame retardancy. Therefore, this peculiar and efficient biomimetic structural design inspired the development of multi-functional composites.

Preparation of Strong and Thermally Conductive, Spider Silk-Inspired, Soybean Protein-Based Adhesive for Thermally Conductive Wood-Based Composites.

The development of formaldehyde-free functional wood composite materials through the preparation of strong and multifunctional soybean protein adhesives to replace formaldehyde-based resins is an important research area. However, ensuring the bonding performance of soybean protein adhesive while simultaneously developing thermally conductive adhesive and its corresponding wood composites is challenging. Taking inspiration from the microphase separation structure of spider silk, boron nitride (BN) and soy protein isolate (SPI) were mixed by ball milling to obtain a BN@SPI matrix and combined with the self-synthesized hyperbranched reactive substrates as amorphous region reinforcer and cross-linker triglycidylamine to prepare strong and thermally conductive soybean protein adhesive with cross-linked microphase separation structure. These findings indicate that mechanical ball milling can be employed to strip BN followed by combination with SPI, resulting in a tight bonded interface connection. Subsequently, the adhesive's dry and wet shear strengths increased by 14.3% and 90.5% to 1.83 and 1.05 MPa, respectively. The resultant adhesive also possesses a good thermal conductivity (0.363 W/mK). Impressively, because hot-pressing helps the resultant adhesive to establish a thermal conduction pathway, the thermal conductivity of the resulting wood-based composite is 10 times higher than that of the SPI adhesive, which shows a thermal conductivity similar to that of ceramic tile and has excellent potential for developing biothermal conductivity materials, geothermal floors, and energy storage materials. Moreover, the adhesive possessed effective flame retardancy (limit oxygen index = 36.5%) and mildew resistance (>50 days). This bionic design represents an efficient technique for developing multifunctional biomass adhesives and composites.

Oyster-inspired carbon dots-functionalized silica and dialdehyde chitosan to fabricate a soy protein adhesive with high strength, mildew resistance, and long-term water resistance.

Developing multifunctional adhesives with exceptional cold-pressing strength, water resistance, toughness, and mildew resistance remains challenging. Herein, inspired by oysters, a multifunctional organic-inorganic hybrid soybean meal (SM)-based adhesive was fabricated by incorporating amino-modified carbon dots functionalized silica nanoparticles (CDs@SiO2) and dialdehyde chitosan (DCS) into SM matrix. DCS effectively enhanced the interface interactions of organic-inorganic phases and the rigid nanofillers CDs@SiO2 uniformly dispersed in the SM matrix, which provided energy dissipation to improve the adhesive's toughness. Owing to the stiff skeleton structure and enhanced crosslinking density, the crosslinker-modified SM (MSM)/DCS/CDs@SiO2-2 wood adhesive exhibited outstanding cold-pressing strength (0.74 MPa), wet shear strength (1.36 MPa), and long-term water resistance (49 d). Additionally, the resultant adhesive showed superior antimildew and antibacterial properties benefiting from the introduction of DCS. Intriguingly, the fluorescent properties endowed by carbon dots further broadened the application of adhesives for realizing security testing. This study opens a new pathway for the synthesis of multifunctional biomass adhesives in industrial and household applications.

Preparation of Bi2O3-YSZ and YSB-YSZ Composite Powders by a Microemulsion Method and Their Performance as Electrolytes in a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell.

Bi2O3 is a promising sintering additive for YSZ that not only decreases its sintering temperature but also increases its ionic conductivity. However, Bi2O3 preferably grows into large-sized rods. Moreover, the addition of Bi2O3 induces phase instability of YSZ and the precipitation of monoclinic ZrO2, which is unfavorable for the electrical property. In order to precisely control the morphology and size of Bi2O3, a microemulsion method was introduced. Spherical Bi2O3 nanoparticles were obtained from the formation of microemulsion bubbles at the water-oil interface due to the interaction between the two surfactants. Nanosized Bi2O3-YSZ composite powders with good mixing uniformity dramatically decreased the sintering temperature of YSZ to 1000 °C. Y2O3-stabilized Bi2O3 (YSB)-YSZ composite powders were also fabricated, which did not affect the phase of YSZ but decreased its sintering temperature. Meanwhile, the oxygen vacancy concentration further increased to 64.9% of the total oxygen with the addition of 5 mol% YSB. In addition, its ionic conductivity reached 0.027 S·cm-1 at 800 °C, one order of magnitude higher than that of YSZ. This work provides a new strategy to simultaneously decrease the sintering temperature, stabilize the phase and increase the conductivity of YSZ electrolytes.

Scalable Underwater Adhesives with High-Strength, Long-Term, and Harsh-Environment Adhesion Enabled by Heterocyclic Chemistry.

Developing scalable and high-performance underwater adhesives is important in various biomedical and industrial applications. However, despite massive efforts, the realization of such adhesives remains a challenging task, as mainly imposed by the difficulty in balancing the interfacial and bulk properties via an efficient way. Here, we report a facile yet effective strategy to construct a novel underwater adhesive with multiple advantaged performances by virtue of heterocyclic chemistry. This adhesive is designed with the cooperation of a heterocycle-based versatile adhesive functionality and an eco-friendly hydrophilic matrix with cross-linkable sites, which allows water absorption to destroy hydration layer, diverse molecular interactions to enhance interfacial adhesion, and abundant covalent crosslinks to strengthen bulk cohesion. Such a rational design endows the adhesive with strong underwater adhesion (up to 1.16 MPa for wood and 0.36 MPa for poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE)), long-term durability (maintaining pristine strength even after 4 months), and harsh-environment stability (salt, acidic/alkaline, low/high-temperature solutions). This strategy is also generic to derive more adhesive formulas, which offers a new direction for designing the next-generation underwater adhesives with high performance and scalability for practical applications.

Achieving strong, stable, and durable underwater adhesives based on a simple and generic amino-acid-resembling design.

Developing underwater adhesives is important in many applications. Despite extensive progress, achieving strong, stable, and durable underwater adhesion via a simple and effective way is still challenging, mainly due to the conflict between the interfacial and bulk properties. Here, we report a unique bio-inspired strategy to facilely construct superior underwater adhesives with desirable interfacial and bulk properties. For adhesive design, a hydrophilic backbone is utilized to quickly absorb water for effective dehydration, and a novel amino acid-resembling functional block is developed to provide versatile molecular interactions for high interfacial adhesion. Moreover, the conjunction of these two components enables the generation of abundant covalent crosslinks for robust bulk cohesion. Such a rational design allows the adhesive to present a boosted underwater adhesion (3.92 MPa to glass), remarkable durability (maintaining high strength after one month), and good stability in various harsh environments (pH, salt, high temperature, and organic solvents). This strategy is generic, allowing the derivation of more similar adhesive designs easily and triggering new thinking for designing bio-inspired adhesives and beyond.

Functionalized cellulose nanofibrils based supramolecular system-assisted molding enabled strong, antibacterial chitosan bioplastics.

Bioplastics are considered as potential alternatives to non-renewable and non-biodegradable petroleum-based plastics. Inspired by ionic and amphiphilic properties of mussel protein, we proposed a versatile and facile strategy for the fabrication of a high-performance chitosan (CS) composite film. This technique incorporates a cationic hyperbranched polyamide (QHB) and a supramolecular system based on the lignosulphonate (LS)-functionalized cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) (LS@CNF) hybrids. The cationic QHB was synthesized by a one-step process from hyperbranched polyamide and quaternary ammonium salt. Meanwhile, the functional LS@CNF hybrids act as a well-dispersed and rigid cross-linked domain in CS matrix. Owing to the interconnected hyperbranched and enhanced supramolecular network, the toughness and tensile strength of the CS/QHB/LS@CNF film simultaneously increased to 19.1 MJ/m3 and 50.4 MPa, 170.2 % and 72.6 % higher than the pristine CS film. Additionally, the functional QHB/LS@CNF hybrids endow the films with superior antibacterial activity, water resistance, UV shielding, and thermal stability. This bioinspired strategy provides a novel and sustainable method for the production of multifunctional CS films.

Scalable Manufacturing of Environmentally Stable All-Solid-State Plant Protein-Based Supercapacitors with Optimal Balance of Capacitive Performance and Mechanically Robust.

The development of advanced biomaterial with mechanically robust and high energy density is critical for flexible electronics, such as batteries and supercapacitors. Plant proteins are ideal candidates for making flexible electronics due to their renewable and eco-friendly natures. However, due to the weak intermolecular interactions and abundant hydrophilic groups of protein chains, the mechanical properties of protein-based materials, especially in bulk materials, are largely constrained, which hinders their performance in practical applications. Here, a green and scalable method is shown for the fabrication of advanced film biomaterials with high mechanical strength (36.3 MPa), toughness (21.25 MJ m-3 ), and extraordinary fatigue-resistance (213 000 times) by incorporating tailor-made core-double-shell structured nanoparticles. Subsequently, the film biomaterials combine to construct an ordered, dense bulk material by stacking-up and hot-pressing techniques. Surprisingly, the solid-state supercapacitor based on compacted bulk material shows an ultrahigh energy density of 25.8 Wh kg-1 , which is much higher than those previously reported advanced materials. Notably, the bulk material also demonstrates long-term cycling stability, which can be maintained under ambient condition or immersed in H2 SO4 electrolyte for more than 120 days. Thus, this research improves the competitiveness of protein-based materials for real-world applications such as flexible electronics and solid-state supercapacitors.

Natural organic-inorganic hybrid structure enabled green biomass adhesive with desirable strength, toughness and mildew resistance.

Plant based proteins are green, sustainable, and renewable materials that show the potential to replace traditional formaldehyde resin. High performance plywood adhesives exhibit high water resistance, strength, toughness, and desirable mildew resistance. Adding petrochemical-based crosslinkers is not economically viable or environmentally benign; this chemical crosslinking strategy makes the imparted high strength and toughness less attractive. Herein, a green approach based on natural organic-inorganic hybrid structure enhancement is proposed. The design of soybean meal-dialdehyde chitosan-amine modified halloysite nanotubes (SM-DACS-HNTs@N) adhesive with desirable strength and toughness enhanced by covalent bonding (Schiff base) crosslinking and toughened by surface-modified nanofillers is demonstrated. Consequently, the prepared adhesive showed a wet shear strength of 1.53 MPa and work of debonding of 389.7 mJ, which increased by 146.8 % and 276.5 %, respectively, due to the cross-linking effect of organic DACS and toughening effect of inorganic HNTs@N. The introduction of DACS and Schiff base generation enhanced the antimicrobial property of the adhesive and increased the mold resistance of the adhesive and plywood. In addition, the adhesive has good economic benefits. This research creates new opportunities for developing biomass composites with desirable performance.

Biomimetic cellulose-nanocrystalline-based composite membrane with high flux for efficient purification of oil-in-water emulsions.

The massive discharge of oily wastewater and oil spills are causing serious pollution to water resources. It is urgent to require clean and efficient method of purifying oily emulsions. Although the separation membranes with selective wettability have been widely used in the efficient purification of oil/water emulsions. It is still very challenging to develop functional films that are environmentally friendly, fouling resistant, inexpensive, easy to prepare, easy to scale, and highly efficient. Cellulose nanocrystalline-based composite membranes (CCM) were prepared by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SATRP) and vacuum self-assembly. The prepared CCM is superhydrophilic and superoleophobic underwater due to the hydrophilic nature of the modified cellulose-nanocrystalline and the micro-nano surface structure. The CCM shows high separation efficiency (> 99.9 %), high flux (16,692 L-1·m-2·h-1·bar-1) for surfactant-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions, good cycle stability and anti-fouling performance. This biomass-derived membrane is green, cheap, easy to manufacture, scalable, super-wettability, and durability, it promises to be an alternative to separation membranes in today's market.